Answer each of the following essay questions on the back of this answer sheet. Use complete sentences.
51. Describe the physical geography of China.
52. Discuss the importance of China's two (2) major rivers. Name them.
53. Examine the importance of Hong Kong returning to Chinese control in 1997.
54. Analyze the politics and economics of North and South Korea.
55. China has been a Communist nation for hundreds of years, yet many cultural changes have occurred. Briefly describe the contributions of the four (4) main Chinese cultural leaders, whether or not they were successful, and why.
a. volcanism
b. aquaculture
c. terrace
d. intensive farming
e. seismic
f. geysers
g. subsistence farming
1. _____ agriculture that requires great amounts of labor
2. _____ fish farming
3. _____ springs that shoot steam and heated water into the air
4. _____ level, narrow ledge built into a hillside for farming
5. _____ related to earthquakes
a. ideogram
b. sphere of influence
c. provisional
d. acupuncture
e. autonomous region
f. theocrat
g. abdicate
h. double cropping
i. light industry
j. atheism
k. martial law
l. warlord
6. _____ area of a country that is controlled to some extent but not governed by a foreign power
7. _____ regional leader with a personal army
8. _____ production of small consumer goods such as clothing, appliances, and bicycles
9. _____ legal rule administered during periods of strict military control
10. _____ political unit with limited self-government
11. _____ picture representing a thing or an idea in written Chinese
a. ideogram
b. sphere of influence
c. provisional
d. acupuncture
e. autonomous region
f. theocrat
g. abdicate
h. double cropping
i. light industry
j. atheism
k. martial law
l. warlord
13. _____ give up the throne of a country
14. _____ regional leader who maintains a personal army
15. _____ region of a country that a foreign power controls but does not govern
16. _____ growing more than one crop a year on the same land17 17. _____ someone who claims to rule by religious or divine authority
18. _____ belief that God does not exist
19. _____ practice of inserting needles at specific points on the body to cure disease or ease pain
a. quota
b. demography
c. demilitarized zone
d. tsunami
e. tariff
f. seismograph
g. autonomous region
h. homogeneous
i. boycott
j. typhoon
20. _____ machine that registers movements of the earth's crust
21. _____ tropical storm forming over the Pacific Ocean
22. _____ sharing the same characteristics
23. _____ tax on imports
24. _____ fixed number or quantity
25. _____ strip of land free of troops and weapons
26. _____ The Himalayas, the Plateau of Tibet, and China's western mountain ranges were all created by
a. centuries of volcanic activity in the Pacific region.
b. the collision of the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates.
c. monsoon winds and ocean currents.
d. erosion by the major rivers of China.

27. _____ The Malay and Japan archipelagoes are
a. part of the Great Dividing Range.
b. elevated regions of New Zealand.
c. peaks of highlands that were covered when water levels rose.
d. part of the Ring of Fire.

28. _____ The waters surrounding Japan and the nearby ocean currents help to make Japan's climate
a. moderate. b. very hot.
c. very cold and wet. d. tropical.

29. _____ The country in this region that is formed by two main islands is
a. New Zealand. b. Australia.
c. China. d. Micronesia.

30. _____ East Asia is home to about
a. one tenth of the world's population.
b. one half of the world's population.
c. one third of the world's population.
d. two thirds of the world's population.

31. _____ People in East Asia use terrace farming to overcome the problems of farming in areas where
a. there is not enough rain.
b. rivers often flood the fields.
c. slopes are too steep for planting.
d. irrigation has not provided ample water.

32. _____ One reason why the integration of the many nations of this region has been slow is that
a. the area has a very low population.
b. earthquakes have inhibited movement.
c. natural barriers such as water and mountains have divided nations.
d. there is no industrial development within the region.

33. _____ The industrial powerhouses of East Asia include Japan, South Korea, and
a. Laos. b. Taiwan.
c. New Zealand. d. Australia.

34. _____ The three main island groups in Oceania are
a. New Zealand, Australia, and Tasmania.
b. Antarctica, Malaysia, and Japan.
c. Tasmania, Tahiti, and Malaysia.
d. Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.

35. _____ Coral reefs are formed by
a. the skeletons of tiny sea creatures called polyps.
b. the collision of tectonic plates.
c. the Ring of Fire.
d. geysers and volcanoes.

36. _____ All of the following statements about Australia are true except:
a. Australia is the flattest continent.
b. The continent is crossed by several powerful rivers.
c. The area west of the Great Dividing Range is arid plain or dry plateau.
d. The area east of the Great Dividing Range has a moist climate.

37. _____ Many of East Asia's most important cities are located
a. near bodies of water.
b. at high elevations.
c. in Australia and New Zealand.
d. in Micronesia.

38. _____ Much of East Asia's physical landscape, including the Himalayas, was created by
a. tectonic forces. b. ocean currents.
c. monsoons. d. volcanic eruptions.

39. _____ The Ring of Fire is a line of volcanic and earthquake-related activity that
a. extends eastward from mainland China.
b. runs through the Himalayas.
c. encircles the Pacific Ocean.
d. surrounds Japan.

40. _____ Many cities in East Asia are located near
a. water. b. plains and river valleys.
c. mountain areas. d. plateau regions.

41. _____ The climate of the Southeast Asian islands on and around the Equator is
a. continental. b. cool and dry.
c. hot and dry. d. tropical wet.

42. _____ The areas of dense population in China are
a. lowland areas with mild, wet climates.
b. plateau regions with cool, dry climates.
c. coastal regions with wet, tropical climates.
d. mountain regions with semiarid climates.

43. _____ The area of Australia that receives the most rainfall over the course of a year is the
a. southern coast. b. western coast.
c. northern coast. d. eastern coast.

44. _____ The term Oceania refers to
a. the islands of the Pacific.
b. the islands of New Zealand.
c. the Indian and Pacific oceans.
d. the islands between Australia and China.

45. _____ Australia's landscape includes all of the following except
a. a low mountain range 20 to 200 miles inland from the eastern coast.
b. fjords that cut deep into its southern coastline.
c. vast expanses of flat land in the interior.
d. very few permanent bodies of water.

46. _____ New Zealand's North Island is narrow and hilly and includes
a. tropical grasslands.
b. desert scrub.
c. geysers and volcanoes.
d. fertile river deltas.

47. _____ The three main groups of the Pacific Islands include Polynesia, Melanesia, and
a. the Greater Antilles.
b. the Malay Archipelago.
c. Micronesia.
d. Taiwan.

48. _____ Throughout East Asia, most of the labor force works in
a. trade. b. farming.
c. industry. d. aquaculture.

49. _____ East Asia is home to about
a. one tenth of the world's population.
b. one quarter of the world's population.
c. one third of the world's population.
d. one half of the world's population.

50. _____ What was the Nationalists' attitude toward reform in China?
a. They wanted foreign powers to retain spheres of influence in China.
b. They disliked foreign interference but were influenced by Western ideas.
c. They advocated a working-class revolution to defeat the imperialist powers.
d. They wanted to isolate China from foreign influence and Western thought.

51. _____ What was the purpose of the Great Cultural Revolution?
a. to destroy the old ideology and culture and establish a socialist society
b. to combine collectives into People's Communes
c. to improve agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense
d. to create a cultural rebirth of the classical arts of ancient China

52. _____ How did Deng's Four Modernization's program greatly increase China's farm production?
a. by enabling farmers to own the land on which they farmed
b. by establishing collective farms
c. by giving farmers an opportunity to make more money through the contract responsibility system
d. by establishing People's Communes, which contained both farms and industries

53. _____ What region is the center of China's government and industry?
a. the Northeast b. the Southeast
c. the Northwest d. the Southwest

54. _____ Why did the Chinese government create four Special Economic Zones in the Southeast region of China?
a. to encourage Chinese people to establish private industries
b. to stimulate commercial farming through private ownership of land
c. to attract foreign investment and technology to China
d. to create a light industrial region and an area for tourism

55. _____ Why is the Huang He known as both the "Yellow River" and "China's Sorrow?"
a. The river contains large amounts of loess, a fine, yellowish soil, and has also created deadly floods in the Huang He Valley.
b. Raw sewage contaminates the river and spreads yellow fever throughout China's most heavily populated regions.
c. The loess in the river gives it a yellow color but makes the river water unsafe for human use.
d. The Huang He is yellowish in color and deadly to humans because it contains large amounts of toxic waste from Beijing's factories.

56. _____ What are the most widely practiced religions in China?
a. Buddhism and Hinduism
b. Confucianism, Christianity, and Islam
c. Islam and Buddhism
d. Daoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism

57. _____ What is unusual about the written form of the Chinese language?
a. The written characters are nonphonetic and give no clues to pronunciation.
b. Few people can actually write in Chinese because the language is complex.
c. Each ethnic group in China has its own version of written Chinese.
d. There was no written form at all before the Great Cultural Revolution.

58. _____ Which of the following did not help spur the growth of Taiwan's economy?
a. Foreign investments helped build new industries.
b. The United Nations recognized Beijing as China's legal seat of government.
c. Nationalists instituted land reform and industrial modernization.
d. Foreign nations provided technical assistance.

59. _____ What political area will be rejoined with China in 1997?
a. Taiwan b. Hong Kong
c. Mongolia d. Tibet

60. _____ When did the Communists finally gain control of China?
a. when Sun Yat-sen forced the emperor to give up the throne
b. when Chiang Kai-shek defeated local warlords and took control of the country
c. when Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China
d. when Deng Xiaoping defeated the Gang of Four to become China's leader

61. _____ How was the Great Leap Forward supposed to make China's production greater than that of the Western nations?
a. by replacing private ownership of farms with common ownership
b. by combining China's collectives into self-sufficient People's Communes
c. by smashing the old order and establishing a new socialist society
d. by combining elements of free-enterprise economy with socialism

62. _____ Which of the following is not a way that the Four Modernization's program led to industrial development in China?
a. It changed the focus of the economy from heavy industry to light industry.
b. China built a transportation network connecting industry to raw materials.
c. The program eased state control of industry.
d. Managers and workers who improved efficiency in the factories were rewarded.

63. _____ How did the Chinese government respond to the democratic protest in Tiananmen Square?
a. by meeting with student leaders to discuss their demands
b. by ignoring the protests and waiting for the crowds to disband over time
c. by barricading the square so that it was off limits to protesters
d. by using military force to drive off the protesters from the square

64. _____ Why is the Yangzi River important to China's economy?
a. The Yangzi supports a large fishing industry.
b. The world's earliest industrial civilization began on the Yangzi River.
c. The Yangzi links the port city of Shanghai to interior cities.
d. The Yangzi provides a trade route between China and Russia.

65. _____ What landform dominates China's Southwest region?
a. the Mongolian Plateau b. the Plateau of Tibet
c. the Yangzi River valley d. an alluvial plain

66. _____ Which of the following is not a way that the Chinese government has attempted to control rapid population growth?
a. The government has cut agricultural production.
b. Special benefits, such as better housing, are offered to one-child couples.
c. Penalties, such as fines and wage cuts, have been levied against people who have more than one child.
d. The government has launched a publicity campaign listing the virtues of one-child families.

67. _____ What is significant about the Han ethnic group in China?
a. The Han people form the cultural elite of Chinese civilization.
b. Ninety-four percent of the entire Chinese population belongs to the Han ethnic group.
c. The Han people form the distinct, Buddhist population of Tibet.
d. The Han are the only people in China who practice Christianity.

68. _____ What is peculiar about Hong Kong's political status?
a. It is jointly governed by both Britain and China.
b. It is a sovereign nation that will become a Chinese colony in 2000.
c. It is culturally a part of China but has been governed by Japan since 1860.
d. It is leased to the British but will become part of China in 1997.

69. _____ Which of the following describes the location and political status of Mongolia?
a. Mongolia is an independent country located between Russia and China.
b. Mongolia is a Chinese province located in the barren Northwest region.
c. Although Mongolia is governed by the Chinese, it remains a Japanese sphere of influence in Southeast China.
d. Mongolia is a southern province of Russia with close cultural ties to China.

70. _____ The archipelago of Japan consists of
a. a few small islands that were formed millions of years ago by volcanic activity.
b. three large islands that lie off the coast of East Asia.
c. thousands of small islands that are the peaks of an underwater mountain range.
d. a chain of mostly large islands that lie along the rim of the Pacific Ocean.

71. _____ Japan experiences many earthquakes because the islands
a. are relatively new parts of the earth's surface.
b. have moderate climates.
c. are part of the Ring of Fire, a region of tremendous tectonic activity.
d. lie in the middle latitudes.

72. _____ Japan's climates are influenced by all of the following except
a. latitude.
b. its location on a large continent.
c. monsoon winds.
d. ocean currents.

73. _____ The high population density in Japan has
a. affected housing and family patterns.
b. forced many people to move to other less-populated countries.
c. caused a huge migration of people to rural areas.
d. been responsible for the country's lack of industrial success.

74. _____ The goal of Japan's revolutionary Meiji reforms was to
a. isolate Japan from other countries in the world.
b. modernize and industrialize the country so that Japan could deal with the West on an equal basis.
c. stop the spread of Roman Catholicism in the country.
d. restructure Japan's economy and political system according to Western models.

75. _____ The purpose of Japan's imperialist policy in the early 1900s was to
a. spread Japanese culture and religions to other parts of the world.
b. strengthen Japan's economy through obtaining additional natural resources.
c. acquire strategic defense positions in the event of a world war.
d. establish new markets for selling raw materials.

76. _____ Japan was known as the world's workshop in the years after World War II because it
a. exported more raw materials than any other nation in the world.
b. tapped and developed its abundant supply of natural resources.
c. imported raw materials and made them into finished goods for export.
d. developed a complex agricultural industry.

77. _____ The three-year Korean War, which ended in 1953, resulted in the
a. Japanese takeover of the peninsula.
b. separation of the peninsula into a communist south and a democratic north.
c. permanent division of the peninsula into North Korea and South Korea.
d. Soviet control of the entire peninsula.

78. _____ North Korea's physical landscape is dominated by
a. elevated plateaus. b. mountains.
c. narrow plains. d. deep valleys.

79. _____ All of the following statements about the climates on the Korean Peninsula are true except:
a. North Korea has short, cool summers and bitterly cold winters.
b. South Korea has a mostly continental climate.
c. Parts of South Korea are subtropical.
d. North Korea's climate is not greatly influenced by the moderating effects of the surrounding seas.

80. _____ Which statement best supports the conclusion that fierce competition exists in Japan for places in the best schools?
a. The school day in Japan is long, and vacations are short.
b. Japanese students are given a great deal of homework.
c. Many students take special classes after school to help them do better on examinations they must take to enter college.
d. Education has always been important in Japan.

81. _____ Japan's best farmland has been created by
a. winds blowing Mongolian loess to the western plains.
b. the alluvial deposits of its rivers.
c. volcanic ash.
d. topsoil carried by glaciers during the last ice age.

82. _____ Only 13 percent of Japan's land is arable because of
a. lack of irrigation water.
b. steep, mountainous terrain.
c. poor climate.
d. inadequate farming equipment.

83. _____ Most of the people of Japan live
a. on Shikoku, the largest of Japan's islands.
b. in mountain valleys on the island of Kyushu.
c. on Hokkaido, Japan's northernmost island.
d. along the narrow coastal plains between Tokyo and Hiroshima on the island of Honshu.

84. _____ The earliest religion of Japan was
a. Shinto. b. Buddhism.
c. Confucianism. d. Hinduism.

85. _____ All of the following are results of the Meiji reforms except the
a. creation of the Diet.
b. institution of a Japanese caste system.
c. establishment of a new educational system.
d. construction of the railroads.

86. _____ In an effort to help Japan recover from the devastating effects of the 1929 depression, Japanese military leaders in the 1930s
a. adopted a policy of imperialist expansion.
b. formed an alliance with Nazi Germany.
c. negotiated more trade treaties with the Soviet Union.
d. closed its doors to Western trade.

87. _____ All of the following factors contributed to Japan's rapid economic growth after World War II except
a. a highly educated work force.
b. the dedication, cooperation, and loyalty of its workers.
c. the country's change in relative location.
d. the government's hands-off policy toward business.

88. _____ In 1950, the North Koreans launched a surprise attack on South Korea in an effort to
a. unite the country under a single Communist government.
b. regain territory that they had lost in 1910.
c. gain control of South Korea's hydroelectric plants.
d. encourage the spread of democracy.

89. _____ Japan was occupied from 1945 until 1952 by
a. the West German army. b. China.
c. the United States army. d. South Korea.

90. _____ One result of South Korea's efforts to compete economically with Japan and other Western nations has been
a. an absence of labor strikes in the country.
b. major disputes between workers and business owners.
c. a decline in the middle-class population of the country.
d. a lower standard of living for its people.

91. _____ Which statement best supports the conclusion that Japanese employers, during the boom years, provided many benefits to their employees?
a. Japanese workers took pride in their companies' success.
b. Some Japanese workers are now being downsized.
c. Many companies offered medical clinics and low-interest loans.
d. Co-workers often vacationed together.

92. _____ What factor made Southeast Asia one of the world's great geographic crossroads?
a. relative location b. natural vegetation
c. ethnic diversity d. cultural traits

93. _____ What major activity brought the influences of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam to the cultures of Southeast Asia?
a. colonization b. trade
c. religious crusades d. exploration

94. _____ Which statement about the European colonization of Southeast Asia is not true?
a. Europeans planted vast areas of forest on farmland to create a lumber industry.
b. Europeans encouraged rich local landlords to grow rice for export.
c. Europeans built roads and railroads to carry crops to ports.
d. Europeans established their own colonies, paying little attention to existing boundaries.

95. _____ What country in Southeast Asia was influenced by Chinese culture when China took control of the region in 100 b.c.?
a. Thailand b. Myanmar
c. Vietnam d. Laos

96. _____ The spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam through Southeast Asia best exemplifies what geographic theme?
a. movement b. location
c. place d. human-environment interaction

97. _____ What makes Thailand unique among the countries of Southeast Asia?
a. It is the only free-market country that does not belong to ASEAN.
b. It is the only country that was not colonized by Europeans.
c. It is the only socialist country that has had no ties to China or the former Soviet Union.
d. It is the only country that has isolated itself from the outside world.

98. _____ Which of the following statements about the history of Vietnam is not true?
a. From about 1940 to 1945, the Japanese had control of Indochina, including Vietnam.
b. In 1945, Ho Chi Minh, a Vietnamese leader, declared Vietnam's independence from France.
c. In 1954, Ho Chi Minh's forces defeated the French after years of bitter and fierce warfare.
d. In 1954, the Geneva peace conference established all of Vietnam as an independent state under Ho Chi Minh.

99. _____ Which of the following did not contribute to a sense of national unity among the people of the Philippines?
a. a communist ideology b. Western cultural influences
c. a Roman Catholic majority d. Spanish cultural influences

100. _____ Papua New Guinea is part of what two overlapping regions?
a. Southeast Asia and Oceania
b. Southeast Asia and Southwest Asia
c. Oceania and Southwest Asia
d. South Asia and Northern Eurasia

101. _____ Which of the following statements about Malaysia and Brunei is not true?
a. They reinvest their wealth in modernization.
b. They have strong economies based on agriculture.
c. They use oil revenues to develop industry and improve agriculture.
d. They are two of the wealthiest countries in Southeast Asia.

102. _____ What inference can you draw from the political boundaries that were created by the European countries that colonized Southeast Asia?
a. No ethnic boundaries existed when the Europeans drew their own boundaries.
b. The Europeans planned to establish their colonies as independent countries as soon as possible.
c. The Europeans tried to adhere closely to the existing ethnic boundaries.
d. The Europeans had little regard for the existing ethnic boundaries and drew up boundaries for their own profit.

103. _____ Why were so many different groups of people drawn to Southeast Asia?
a. It was a center of religion. b. It was a center of education.
c. It was a center of trade. d. It was a center of Asian culture.

104. _____ Which of the following was not an important religion in Southeast Asia before the 1500s?
a. Hinduism b. Islam
c. Christianity d. Buddhism

105. _____ Why did the Chinese have little impact on the cultures of Southeast Asia?
a. Few people from China migrated to Southeast Asia.
b. Southeast Asians strongly resisted the influence of Chinese culture.
c. The Chinese did not want to spread their culture to people they considered inferior.
d. The Chinese culture was too barbaric to be of significant influence.

106. _____ How were the traditional Southeast Asian farmers affected by European colonization?
a. They became wealthy from the rising values of the cash crops they grew and exported to Europe.
b. Unable to compare with large landowners, they were forced to leave their land and work on the plantations.
c. They lost their land when European colonists converted vast tracts of farmland into forests and exported the wood to European markets.
d. They prospered when the Europeans divided large plantations into smaller parcels of land, which were distributed to small-scale farmers.

107. _____ Why has the economy of Myanmar developed much more slowly than the economies of most other Southeast Asian countries?
a. Myanmar lacks the natural resources that other countries have.
b. The government is heavily in debt.
c. Ethnic unrest and a repressive government have kept the economy from developing.
d. Myanmar tried to industrialize too quickly and now must import most of its food.

108. _____ Which of the following is not a reason that Thailand has been able to build one of the most successful economies in Southeast Asia?
a. Thailand encourages interdependence with foreign countries.
b. Thailand diversified its economy in the 1960s to promote industry.
c. Thailand encourages tourism as a major economic activity.
d. Thailand uses its oil wealth to finance modernization.

109. _____ Which of the following statements about Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia is not true?
a. All three countries have a majority population belonging to the Khmer ethnic group.
b. All three countries were once part of French Indochina.
c. All three countries have a culture influenced by India.
d. All three countries have a mostly Buddhist population.

110. _____ From which region did the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia probably migrate?
a. India and Australia
b. southern China and South Asia
c. Europe and Southwest Asia
d. Japan and Mongolia

111. _____ What is significant about Singapore's location with regard to its economy?
a. Singapore is located on a few islands.
b. Singapore is located on an important trade route between Europe and East Asia.
c. Singapore is located just north of the Equator.
d. Singapore receives heavy rainfall year-round and has mild temperatures.

112. _____ Which of the following is not true of Papua New Guinea?
a. The country has a sophisticated transportation system.
b. More than 700 languages are spoken across the country.
c. Most of Papua New Guinea's almost 4.1 million people are farmers.
d. Gold and copper ore are mined in great quantities using modern machines.

113. _____ What information would be the most helpful in drawing inferences about why certain countries in Southeast Asia have a large number of Muslims?
a. knowing what countries in the region were colonized by France
b. knowing what countries were ruled by China in the past
c. knowing the location of Southwest Asian trade routes
d. knowing the history of the Mons, Khmers, and Thais before their migration to Southeast Asia

114. Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment Why, do you think, East Asia continues to be a predominantly rural region?

115. Predicting Consequences What are some of the possible consequences for East Asia of dense concentrations of people in a relatively small area?

116. Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships How have landforms and water bodies, climate, and history affected the development of nations in East Asia?

117. Drawing Conclusions Why is the climate of the islands of New Zealand consistently warmer and rainier than that of Australia?

118. Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships How did war and movement from 1949 to 1971 result in Taiwan's being recognized as the government of China while the large Communist state on mainland China went unrecognized?

119. Checking Consistency Give three examples of how the Chinese government has responded to political dissent within its country.

120. Determining Relevance How did the attempt to modernize Chinese technology result in the introduction of democratic ideas into China?

121. Checking Consistency When many worried that the Four Modernization's would move China towards a free-enterprise economy, Deng Xiaoping responded, "It doesn't matter if a cat is black or white as long as it catches mice." Contrast Deng's attitude with his reaction to democratic protests.

122. Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment Japan has few natural resources, yet the country was able to become one of the most highly successful industrial nations in the world. Give at least three reasons that explain how this happened.

123. Making Comparisons Compare the governments and economies of North Korea and South Korea.

124. Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships Explain how the economic depression of 1929 influenced Japanese history in the 1930s.

125. Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment How did Japan's lack of natural resources and raw materials influence the country's economy and history during the Meiji reforms?

126. Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships How does Japan's location make it a dangerous place to live?

127. Synthesizing Information Why did the United States send Commodore Perry to Japan in 1853? What were the results of his mission?

128. Drawing Inferences What can you infer about the effect of chronic political instability on the economic health of Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia? Explain.

129. Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships How did the construction of inland roads and railroads in Southeast Asia lead to the arrival of Chinese and Indian immigrants and to subsequent tensions between these groups and native Southeast Asians?

130. Determining Relevance How have the economies of many Southeast Asian countries been affected by the focus in world trade on countries bordering the Pacific Ocean?

131. Drawing Inferences Read the following passage. Then, answer the question below. Since World War II, Thailand has had close political ties to the United States. Thailand felt threatened by the Communist revolution in China in 1949. It joined with the United States to stop Communist expansion in Southeast Asia. During the Vietnam War, Thailand allowed the United States to use its country as a base for air attacks against Communist forces in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.

From what you know about Southeast Asia, what can you infer about the seriousness of this historical threat of communism to Thailand? Why?

132. Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships Why did many of the countries of Southeast Asia have deep ethnic conflicts when they became independent?

133. Drawing Conclusions How did the peace conference in Geneva, Switzerland, held after the French defeat in 1954, affect political tensions in Southeast Asia?