1. A (formal, functional) region includes one central place and the surrounding areas affected by it.
2 . The (Equator, Prime Meridian) is the 0ø line of longitude that runs through Greenwich, England.
3 . Imaginary lines used to measure distance north and south of the Equator are lines of (latitude, longitude).
4 . Half of the globe is called a (hemisphere, great circle).
5 . The theory of (plate tectonics, mechanical weathering) says that the earth's outer shell is not solid rock.
6 . (Geography, Geology) is the study of where people, places, and things are located, the ways that different things relate to each other at specific places, and the ways that places connect with each other.
7 . The (absolute, relative) location of Chicago is 42øN, 88øW.
8 . Lines of (latitude, longitude) are the imaginary lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole.
9 . The (Equator, Prime Meridian) is an imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole.
10.  The (Equator, Prime Meridian) is an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole and passes through Greenwich, England.
11. When vacationers describe the people, customs, and native dishes of a particular place, they are describing the (physical characteristics, human characteristics) of a place.
A. Vocabulary
12. Trees that shed their leaves when winter approaches are (deciduous, coniferous).
13. The land in a rain shadow is located on the (leeward, windward) side of a mountain.
14. (Climate, Weather) refers to an area's temperature and level of precipitation over a long period of time.
15. Permafrost is found in a (tundra, savanna) region.
16. The process by which the sun's heat is distributed throughout the world is (convection, precipitation).
17. (Deciduous, Coniferous) trees lose their leaves during one season.
18. (Deciduous, Coniferous) trees carry their seeds in cones.
19. Temperature and precipitation over a long period of time help to determine an area's (climate, weather).
20. The water that falls to earth from the atmosphere is called (humidity, precipitation).
21. The typical plant life of a region is its (environment, natural vegetation).
22. The (leeward, windward) slopes of mountains are those on the opposite side from the rain shadow.

23. _____ The physical characteristics of a place include its
a. customs and traditions.
b. growth patterns.
c. landforms and vegetation.
d. systems of government.

24. _____ The movement about which geographers talk usually refers to
a. environmental changes.
b. people, goods, and ideas.
c. relative locations of places on the earth.
d. birth and death rates and family size.

25. _____ The customs, politics, and foods that make a place unique are called its
a. natural features.
b. human characteristics.
c. political characteristics.
d. human-environmental interactions.

26. _____ The building of dams and canals to irrigate desert regions is an example of the geographic theme of
a. place.
b. location.
c. region.
d. human-environment interaction.

27. _____ Longitude is measured in degrees east or west of the
a. Prime Meridian.
b. Equator.
c. Tropic of Cancer.
d. Tropic of Capricorn.

28. _____ The theory of plate tectonics affirms that
a. the earth's outer shell is one solid piece of rock.
b. the basic arrangement of oceans and continents is unchanging.
c. large moving slabs of rock slide slowly over a layer of the mantle.
d. the landscape of the ocean is the same as that on earth.

29. _____ The circle of volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean is called the
a. Ring of Fire. b. San Andreas Fault.
c. Pacific Plate. d. Equator.

30. _____ The process that transfers heat from wind or water from one place to another is called
a. revolution.
b. convection.
c. permafrost.
d. orographic precipitation.

31. _____ The climate of Mount Kilimanjaro demonstrates the effect of
a. wind patterns on climate. b. latitude on climate.
c. rainfall on climate. d. elevation on climate.

32. _____ Climate regions are classified mainly on the basis of
a. distance from the Equator.
b. elevation.
c. seasonal temperatures and precipitation.
d. rainfall and location.

33. _____ Climate depends on such factors as an area's
a. elevation and longitude. b. latitude and solstice.
c. elevation and latitude. d. elevation and equinox.

34. The six climate regions into which geographers have divided the earth were defined mainly by
a. latitude and elevation.
b. temperature and precipitation.
c. atmospheric pressure.
d. location and landforms.

35. _____ Because of warm temperatures and plentiful rainfall, the natural vegetation in areas nearest to the Equator consists of
a. an abundance of chaparral plants.
b. thick tropical rain forests.
c. relatively few plants.
d. evergreen trees and low bushes.

36. _____ Which of the following has been responsible for the declining death rate in many of the world's less industrialized nations?
a. a declining birthrate
b. migration to rural areas, where living conditions are better
c. absence of diseases prevalent in industrialized nations
d. improved health

37. _____ Where do most people in Europe and the United States live?
a. Both Europeans and Americans live mainly in urban areas.
b. Europeans live on farms, while most Americans live in cities.
c. The populations in both Europe and the United States are spread evenly throughout the two regions.
d. Most people in Europe and the United States live in the west, where climates are milder.

38. _____ Which of the following are part of a country's nonmaterial culture?
a. arts and technology
b. religion and language
c. styles of food and clothing
d. food and architecture

39. _____ What would you expect to find in a country with zero population growth?
a. a high birthrate and a low death rate
b. more or less equal birth and death rates
c. a low birthrate and a high death rate
d. low birth and death rates

40. _____ Why are people unevenly distributed throughout the world?
a. People prefer to live in warm areas near the Equator.
b. People tend to cluster in places that have rich soil, fresh water, and mild climates.
c. Most people live in regions that have coal and iron ore deposits.
d. People generally live in cultural regions that value individual achievement.

41. _____ How do people survive living in harsh environments such as the desert?
a. by adapting and making changes to their environments
b. by moving to more hospitable areas
c. by not altering the natural landscape of their environments
d. none of the above

42. _____ Which of the following is not part of a country's material culture?
a. food b. language
c. architecture d. technology
43. _____ Which of the following statements about nonrenewable resources is not true?
a. Nonrenewable resources are minerals formed in the earth's crust by geologic forces over millions of years.
b. Nonrenewable resources can be replaced when they are used.
c. Supplies of nonrenewable resources vary greatly.
d. Coal, oil, and natural gas are among the most important nonrenewable mineral resources.
44. _____ Which statement explains why water, forests, and wildlife are renewable resources?
a. They can be continually replenished by nature.
b. They are not replaced by nature after being used.
c. They are essential for life.
d. They are not being used up as quickly as nonrenewable resources.

45. _____ What is the earth's most important renewable energy source?
a. soil b. fossil fuels
c. coal d. the sun

46. _____ Why is it important to conserve renewable resources?
a. The sun's energy will keep the earth warm for only two million more years.
b. The environment does not continue to supply or replenish renewable resources after they are used.
c. Since natural growth takes time, it is possible to use up renewable resources before they can be renewed.
d. It takes millions of years for the earth to replenish its supply of minerals.

47. _____ Where are more than half of the world's known oil reserves located?
a. in Alaska b. in Siberia
c. in Southwest Asia d. in Iceland

48. _____ Which of the following is a primary economic activity?
a. subsistence farming b. food processing
c. manufacturing d. government

49. _____ Which of the following is not a secondary activity?
a. processing food
b. forestry
c. making paper from wood
d. making cloth from cotton plants

50. _____ How do about half the people in developing countries make their living?
a. in forestry b. in fishing
c. in farming d. in manufacturing

51. _____ Burning which source of energy produces acid rain?
a. wood b. coal
c. geothermal d. nuclear

52. _____ Which of the following statements is not true?
a. One advantage of nuclear energy is its use of uranium, one of the earth's renewable resources.
b. The refining of uranium contributes to global warming.
c. Nuclear energy involves the danger of leaks or explosions and the disposal of long-lasting radioactive waste and contaminated water.
d. Many countries supply part of their energy needs through electricity generated by nuclear power.

53. _____ Which of the following economic activities is most influenced by the land and climate of a region?
a. farming b. industry
c. mining d. fishing

54. _____ Which of the following is not a primary or a secondary activity?
a. manufacturing b. food processing
c. farming d. tourism

55. _____ What factor has helped make commercial farming in developed countries more successful than subsistence farming in developing countries?
a. longer growing seasons
b. better climates
c. greater numbers of farmers
d. modern techniques and equipment

56. Drawing Conclusions Explain in what ways the study of geography will help you to better understand the world around you.

57. Determining Relevance What are three reasons that the study of geography is important to the understanding of current events?

58. Formulating Questions What questions might you ask about a place to learn what makes that place unique? List at least four questions.

59. Predicting Consequences Some scientists believe that the greenhouse effect is increasing. What consequences would such an increase have for climate and vegetation?

60. Predicting Consequences Explain the possible consequences that a continued dramatic increase in the earth's population over the next 100 years would have for both the developing and the industrialized nations of the world.

61. Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment Some people believe that it is important to erase the differences between world cultures in order to create a global culture. Explain why you agree or disagree with this idea.

62. Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships How has physical landscape influenced human settlement?

63. Expressing Problems Clearly Because it is more plentiful than other fossil fuels, more coal will probably be mined in the future. Explain how the environment will need to be protected from heavier use of coal.

64. Determining Relevance Explain how the possession of natural resources can turn a developing country into an important political and economic world force.

65. Synthesizing Information If renewable resources such as forests, soil, and fish are continually supplied and replenished by nature, why is it important to conserve them?

66. Analyzing Information Why do people need to develop alternative sources of renewable energy and become less dependent on fossil fuels?

67. Determining Relevance How do resources and climate influence the culture of a region?

a. authoritarian government
b. demography
c. communism
d. acculturation
e. democracy
f. culture hearth
g. socialism
h. capitalist system
i. immigrant
j. urbanization
k. death rate
l. birthrate
m. federal system
n. sovereignty
o. diffusion
p. confederation
q. population density
68. _____ study of human populations
69. _____ number of deaths per year per 1,000 people
70. _____ a country's freedom from outside control
71. _____ growth of city populations
72. _____ process by which cultural traits move from one culture to another
73. _____ area where cultural ideas begin and from which they spread
74. _____ average number of people in a square mile or a square kilometer
75. _____ political system in which power is shared by the national government and smaller political units
76. _____ type of government in which the leaders hold most of the political power
77. _____ economic system in which decisions to buy and sell are made in a free market
78. _____ type of government in which the people choose their leaders and determine government policy
79. _____ person who moves into a country
80. _____ number of live births each year per 1,000 people
a. diffusion
b. socialism
c. population density
d. constitutional monarchy
e. communism
f. unitary system
g. dictatorship
h. democracy
i. capitalism
j. acculturation
k. demography
l. monarchy
m. cultural hearth
n. confederation
o. sovereignty
p. totalitarianism
q. federal system
81. _____ the average number of people living in a given area
82. _____ authoritarian government in which people inherit their positions
83. _____ place where important ideas began
84. _____ type of government in which rulers often gain and keep power by military force
85. _____ process of adapting traits from other cultures
86. _____ political system in which a central government makes laws for an entire nation
87. _____ type of government in which smaller political units hold nearly all the power
88. _____ economic system based on the state making all economic decisions
89. _____ type of government in which a ruler plays a symbolic role and an elected lawmaking body holds the political power
90. _____ economic system in which means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit
91. _____ economic system in which the free market and the government jointly make decisions
92. _____ a country's freedom from outside control
93. _____ extreme type of government in which rulers control every part of society and aspect of a person's life
a. manufacturing
b. per capita GNP
c. developed country
d. commercial farming
e. geothermal energy
f. natural resources
g. fossil fuels
h. gross national product
i. nuclear energy
j. solar energy
k. subsistence farming
l. developing country
94. _____ material people take from the environment to meet their needs
95. _____ energy produced from the earth's internal heat
96. _____ agriculture with the goal of raising crops or livestock to sell
97. _____ energy source formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals
98. _____ process of turning raw materials into finished products
99. _____ energy produced by the sun
100. _____ all of the goods and services a country produces in a year
101. _____ country that lacks industries and modern technology
102. _____ agriculture whose goal is to grow only enough food to feed a family or a village
103. _____ modern industrial society with a well-developed economy
manufacturing
per capita GNP
developed country
geothermal energy
commercial farming
fossil fuels
gross national product
nuclear energy
renewable resources
subsistence farming
developing country
nonrenewable resources
104. The power produced by splitting uranium atoms to release their stored energy is called __________.
105. Resources that cannot be replaced when they are used are called __________.
106. Agriculture in which people grow only enough food to satisfy the needs of their family or village is called __________.
107. The __________ is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year divided by the total population.
108. A country with little industry and a lack of technology is considered a __________.
109. __________ were formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals.
110. Resources that the environment continues to supply or replace are called __________.
111. A modern industrial society is considered a __________.
112. Iceland, Italy, Japan, and New Zealand make use of __________, energy that comes from the earth's internal heat.
113. The process of turning raw materials into finished products is called __________.